London, BL, Add. 12147
source date: xiiith cent.
edition published: 2023-04-21-05:00
language: ar; ar-Syrc; ar-Syrn; cop; de; en; fr; grc
availability: Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)

United Kingdom, London, British Library, Oriental Manuscripts, https://bl.syriac.uk/ms/22, Add. 12,147, London, BL, Add. 12,147, BL Add MS 12147, William Wright, Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired since the Year 1838, 320, William Wright, Catalogue of the Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired since the Year 1838, CCCXX

[This manuscript contains: Ephraim, Jacob. The second part of a Choral Service-book for the circle of the whole year. In total, including sub-sections, this manuscript contains 79 items.]

Syriac

Foll. 1-359
author: Ephraim
author: Jacob
title: The second part of a Choral Service-book for the circle of the whole year.
rubric: ܥܠ ܚ̇ܝ̣ܠܐ ܘܣܘܝ̇ܥܐ ܕܬܠܝܬܝܘܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܡ̇ܫܪܝܢܢ ܕܢܟ̣ܬܘܒ ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܒܥܝܢ.
There are no running titles.
  Foll. 1-132
  title: Order of the holy Fast of the Forty (Days), or Lent.
  rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܒܥܝܢ
    Foll. 1-28
    title: First Week of Lent.
      Foll. 1b-7
      title: The first Sunday in Lent.
      rubric: ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܕܡ̈ܥܠܝ ܨܰܘܡܐ
      rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
      Foll. 8a-10
      title: The first Monday in Lent.
      rubric: ܕܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܫܒܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ
      Foll. 14b-17
      title: Wednesday.
      rubric: ܕܐܪܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 17b-20
      title: Thursday.
      rubric: ܕܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 21a-24
      title: Friday.
      rubric: ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ
      Foll. 24b-29
      title: Order of Mār Ephraim, the Syrian Doctor, celebrated on Saturday in the first week of Lent; and commemoration of Mār Theodore the illustrious martyr.
      rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܠ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܡ̇ܠܦܢܐ ܏ܣܘܪ. ܕܡ̇ܫܬ݁ܡܠ̣ܐ ܒܝܘܡ ܫܒܬܐ. ܕܫܒܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ. ܘܕܘܟܪܢܗ ܕܡܪܝ ܬܐܘܕܘܪܘܣ ܣܗܕܐ ܢܨ̇ܝܚܐ
    Foll. 29a-54
    title: Second Week in Lent.
      Foll. 29a-35
      title: Order of the second Sunday in Lent.
      rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܕܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܕܨܘܡܐ
      rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
      Foll. 36a-39
      title: Of Monday in the second week of Lent.
      rubric: ܕܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܫܒܐ ܕܫܒܬܐ ܕܬܪ̈ܬܝܢ ܕܨܘܡܐ
      Foll. 39b-42
      title: Of Tuesday.
      rubric: ܕܬܠܬܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 42b-45
      title: Of Wednesday.
      rubric: ܕܐܪ̈ܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 45b-48
      title: Of Thursday.
      rubric: ܕܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 49a-51
      title: Of Friday.
      rubric: ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ
    Foll. 52a-74
    title: Third Week of Lent.
      Foll. 52a-58
      title: Order of the third Sunday in Lent.
      rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ
      rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
      Foll. 59a-61
      title: Of Monday.
      rubric: ܕܬܪܝܢ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 62a-64
      title: Of Tuesday.
      rubric: ܕܬܠܬܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 65a-67
      title: Of Wednesday.
      rubric: ܕܐܪܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 68a-71
      title: Of Thursday.
      rubric: ܕܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 71b-74
      title: Of Friday.
      rubric: ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ
    Foll. 75a-98
    title: Fourth Week in Lent
      Foll. 75a-81
      title: Order of the fourth Sunday in Lent.
      rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܕܐܪܒܥܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ
      rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
      Foll. 81b-84
      title: Of Monday.
      rubric: ܕܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 85a-87
      title: Of Tuesday.
      rubric: ܕܬܠܬܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 88a-91
      title: Of Wednesday.
      rubric: ܕܐܪܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 92b-95
      title: Of Thursday.
      rubric: ܕܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 95b-98
      title: Of Friday.
      rubric: ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ
    Foll. 99a-125
    title: Fifth Week of Lent.
      Foll. 99a-105
      title: Order of the fifth Sunday in Lent.
      rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܕܚܡܫܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ
      rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
      Foll. 106a-108
      title: Of Monday.
      Foll. 109a-112
      title: Of Tuesday.
      rubric: ܕܬܠܬܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 113a-116
      title: Of Wednesday.
      rubric: ܕܐܪܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 117a-121
      title: Of Thursday.
      rubric: ܕܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 121b-125
      title: Of Friday.
      rubric: ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ ܕܬܕܡܪ̈ܬܐ
    Foll. 125b-132
    title: Sixth Week of Lent
      Foll. 125b-132
      title: Order of the sixth Sunday in Lent.
      rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܕܫܬܐ ܕܨܘܡܐ
      rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  Foll. 132b-142
  title: Order of the forty holy Martyrs (of Sebaste).
  rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܥܠ ܐܪ̈ܒܥܝܢ ܣܗ̈ܕܐ ܩ̈ܕܝܫܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    Foll. 143a-166
    title: Week preceding Palm Sunday.
      Foll. 143a-146
      title: Of the Monday preceding Palm-Sunday.
      rubric: ܕܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܫܒܐ ܕܫܒܬܐ ܕܐ̈ܘܫܢܐ
      Foll. 147a-150
      title: Of Tuesday.
      rubric: ܕܬܠܬܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 150b-154
      title: Of Wednesday.
      rubric: ܕܐܪ̈ܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 154b-157
      title: Of Thursday.
      rubric: ܕܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ
      Foll. 158a-161
      title: Of Friday.
      rubric: ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ
      Foll. 161b-166
      title: Order of Lazarus of Bethany, celebrated on the Saturday before Palm-Sunday.
      rubric: ܛܟܣܐ ܕܥܠ ܠܥܙܪ ܕܡܢ ܒܝܬ ܥܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܬ݁ܡܠ̣ܐ ܒܫܒܬܐ ܕܩܕܡ ܐܘ̈ܫܥܢܐ
  Foll. 166b-188
  title: Order of Palm-Sunday.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܐܘ̈ܫܥܢܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  rubric: ܣܘ̈ܓܝܬܐ
  Foll. 188b-299
  title: Order of the redeeming Passion of our Lord and our God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; with lessons from the Gospels (Peshitta version) interspersed.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܚ̣ܫܐ ܦܪܘܩܝܐ. ܕܡܪܢ ܘܐܠܗܢ ܘܦܪܘܩܢ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ
    Foll. 188b-201
    title: Of Monday.
    rubric: ܕܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܫܒܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܩܐܝܢ ܘܗܒܝܠ
    Foll. 201b-215
    title: Of Tuesday.
    rubric: ܕܬܠܬܐ ܒܫܒܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܐܒܪܗܡ ܘܛ݁ܘ̈ܦܣܘܗܝ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    Foll. 216a-230
    title: Of Wednesday.
    rubric: ܕܐܪܒܥܐ ܒܫܒܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܝܗܘ̈ܕܝܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    Foll. 230b-246
    title: Of Thursday.
    rubric: ܕܚܡܫܐ ܒܫܒܐ ܕܫܒܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܗ̇ܝ ܚܛܝܬܐ
    Foll. 247a-250
    title: Order celebrated on the Thursday of the Mystery, after None.
    rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܡ̇ܫܬ݁ܡܠ̣ܐ ܒܚܡܫܐ ܕܪܐܙܐ ܡܢ ܒܬܪ ܬܫ̈ܥ ܫ̈ܥܝܢ
    Foll. 250b-280
    title: Order of the Friday of the Crucifixion (Good Friday).
    rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ ܕܙܩܝܦܘܬܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܝܗܘܕܐ ܡ̇ܫܠܡܢܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܟܦܘܪܝܗ ܕܫܡܥܘܢ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ
    rubric: ܣܘ̈ܓܝܬܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܓܝ̈ܣܐ
    Foll. 281a-283
    title: Order of the Adoration of the Cross.
    rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܣܓܕܬܐ ܕܨܠܝܒܐ
    Foll. 283b-299
    title: Order of the Saturday of Annunciation.
    rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܫܒܬܐ ܕܣܒܪܬܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܟܪܘܒܐ ܘܓܝܣܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ ܕܥܠ ܡܘܬܐ ܘܣܛܢܐ
    rubric: ܣܘܓܝܬܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    ܫܠ̣ܡܘ ܩ̈ܠܐ̣ ܘܒ̈ܬܐ ܕܚ̣ܫܐ. ܘܒܥ̈ܘܬܐ. ܘܡ܏ܕܪ̈. ܘܣܘ̈ܓܝܬܐ. ܕܟܠܗ̇ ܫܒܬܐ ܕܚ̣ܫܐ ܦܪܘܩܝܐ. ܕܡܪܢ ܘܐܠܗܢ ܘܦܪܘܩܢ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ܀
  Foll. 300a-318
  title: Orders of the Resurrection.
  rubric: ܛܟ̈ܣܐ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ
  They are eight in number, but the first, second, and sixth, are wanting.
    Foll. 300a-302
    title: Third order.
    rubric: ܛܟܣܐ ܏ܓ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    Foll. 303a-307
    title: Fourth order.
    rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܏ܕ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    Foll. 308a-310
    title: Fifth order.
    rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܏ܗ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
    Foll. 311a-313
    title: Seventh order.
    rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܏ܙ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ
    Foll. 313b-318
    title: Eighth order.
    rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܏ܚ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ
    rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  Foll. 318b-322
  title: Order of the Friday of the Confessors.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܪܘܒܬܐ ܕܡ̇ܘ̈ܕܝܢܐ
  Foll. 323a-329
  title: Order of the New Sunday.
  rubric: ܛܟܣܐ ܕܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܚ̣ܕܬܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  Foll. 329b-333
  title: Order of the Ascension of our Lord to Heaven.
  rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܣܘܠܩܗ ܕܡܪܢ ܕܠܫܡܝܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  Foll. 334a-336
  title: Order of the Feast of pentecost.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܐܕܐ ܕܦܢܛܝܩܘܣܛܐ
  Foll. 337a-338b
  title: Order of S. Peter, the chief of the Apostles.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܠ ܦܛܪܘܣ ܪܝܫܐ ܕܫ̈ܠܝܚܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  ܫܠ̣ܡ ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܥܠ ܦܛܪܘܣ ܪܝܫܐ ܕܫ̈ܠܝܚܐ ܕܗ̇ܘܐ ܕܘܟܪܢܗ ܒ܏ܟܚ ܒܚܙܝܪܢ
  The subscription reads, "whose commemoration takes place on the 28th of Hăzīrān."
  Foll. 338b-339
  title: Order of S. Paul the Apostle, whose commemoration is on the 29th of Haziran.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܠ ܦܘܠܘܣ ܫܠܝܚܐ ܕܗ̇ܘܐ ܕܘܟܪܢܗ ܒ܏ܟܛ ܒܚܙܝܪܢ
  Foll. 340a-340
  title: Order of S. John the Evangelist.
  Foll. 341-344
  title: Order of S. Thomas the Apostle.
  rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܥܠ ܬܐܘܡܐ ܫܠܝܚܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪܫܐ
  Foll. 344-346
  title: Order of the Apostles in general (Common of the Apostles).
  rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܥܠ ܫܠܝ̈ܚܐ ܓܘܢܐܝܬ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  Foll. 347a-349
  title: Order of Sergius and Bacchus, the illustrious martyrs.
  rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܥܠ ܣܪܓܝܣ ܘܒܟܘܣ ܣܗ̈ܕܐ ܢܨ̇ܝ̣ܚ̈ܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪ̈ܫܐ
  Foll. 350a-353
  title: Order of Mār George, the illustrious and famous martyr.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܠ ܡܪܝ ܓܐܘܪܓܝܣ ܣܗܕܐ ܢܨ̇ܝ̣ܚܐ ܘܛܒܝ̣ܒܐ
  rubric: ܡܕܪܫܐ
  Foll. 353b-353
  title: Order of Mār Quiricus, or Cyriacus, the martyr, and of his mother Julitta.
  rubric: [ܛܟܣܐ] ܕܥܠ [ܡܪܝ ܩܘܪܝܩـ]ـܘܣ ܣܗܕܐ [ܘܥܠ ܝܘܠܝܛܐ] ܐܡܗ
  Foll. 354a-354
  title: Order of the Maccabees, Shamūnī and her seven sons.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܠ ܡܩ̈ܒܝܐ ܫܡܘܢܝ ܘܫܒ̈ܥܐ ܒܢܝ̈ܗ̇
  Foll. 354b-355
  title: Order of the Martyrs in general (Common of the Martyrs).
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܠ ܣܗ̈ܕܐ ܓܘܢܐܝܬ
  Foll. 356a-357
  title: Order of the Decease of Mary the Mother of God.
  rubric: ܛܟܣ̣ܐ ܕܥܘܢܕܢܗ̇ ܕܝܳܠܕܳܬ (sic) ܐܠܗܐ ܡ݊ܪܝܡ
  Foll. 357b-358
  title: Order of the holy Festival of the Cross.
  rubric: ܛܟ̣ܣܐ ܕܥܐܕܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܨܠܝܒܐ

Vellum, 16 5/8 in. by 12 5/8, consisting of 359 leaves, many of which are stained and torn. Originally the number of quires must have been about forty, fol. 346 being signed ܠܚ; but not a few are now defective, especially from fol. 299 onwards. In the earlier part of the volume there are lacunae after foll. 10, 27 and 296.

359 ff.

- Vellum, 16 5/8 in. by 12 5/8, consisting of 359 leaves, many of which are stained and torn. Originally the number of quires must have been about forty, fol. 346 being signed ܠܚ; but not a few are now defective, especially from fol. 299 onwards. In the earlier part of the volume there are lacunae after foll. 10, 27 and 296.

The hand is the same as that of Add. 12,146.

See additions.

As in Add. 12,146, some of the madrashe are ascribed on the margins, by later hands, to Ephraim (e.g. foll. 170 a and 171 b) and Jacob (e.g. fol. 135 b), whilst the bā'ăvāthā are attributed in the text to either the one or the other, according to the metre.

Foll. 4, 5, 32, 33, 55, 56, 77, 78, 102, 103, 127 and 128, are supplementary paper leaves, inserted apparently during the xiiith cent.

[N.B., folio location may not be available for some items below.] [N.B., items below may have been listed out of folio order in Wright's catalogue.]

- The manuscript has many rather rudely drawn ornaments; e.g. foll. 75 a, 97 a (two birds), 99 a (a tree and two birds), 108 b (a bird), 110 a (a bird), 113 b (a bird), 117 a, 167 a (a bird), 173 a (a fish), 174 a (a hand with a branch), 186 b (the same), 188 b, 196 a, 199 a, 217 a, 247 a (two feet), 252 a (a hand), 281 a, 285 a (two birds), 293 a, 321 a (a hand), and 329 b.

- Colophon

On fol. 299 b there is the following note in heptasyllabic metre, mentioning the names of the scribe Yeshūa' and of Abū 'Alī Zakarīyā, at whose expense the manuscript was written.

ܠܦܘܡܐ ܕܡ̇ܠ̣ܠ ܚܘܣܝܐ. ܘܠܐܝ̣ܕܐ ܕܟܬ݂ܒܬ݁ ܫܘܒܩܢܐ. ܠܐܡ̇ܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܠܫ̇ܡ̈ܘܥܐ. ܢܚ̣ܘܢ ܡܪܝܐ ܒܝܘܡ ܕܝܢ̣ܐ. ܡܪܝܐ ܝܫܘܥ ܕܒܩ̣ܛܠܟ. ܥܠܡܐ ܟܠܗ ܐܬܚ̇ܣ̣ܝ. ܚܲܣܐ ܚ̈ܛܗܐ ܒܛܝܒܘܬܟ. ܕܐܒܘܥܠܝ ܙܝܟܝܪܝ. ܘܡܐ ܕܟܣ̈ܝܬܐ ܡܬܓ̈ܠ̣ܝ̣ܢ. ܕܒܢ̈ܝ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܝܘܡ ܕܝܢ̣ܐ. ܒܪ̈ܚܡ̣ܝܟ ܚ̇ܦ̣ܐ ܣܢܝ̈ܬܗ܆ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܚܲܛܳܝܐ ܥܒ̣ܕܟ܀

- Colophon

The scribe has also recorded his own name and that of his patron in several other places; e.g. foll. 75 a.

ܡܪܝܐ ܢܚ̇ܣ̣ܐ ܠܐܒܘܥܠܝ ܙܟܪܝܐ̣ ܘܠܝܫܘܥ ܟܬܘܒܐ

- Colophon

The scribe has also recorded his own name and that of his patron in several other places; e.g. foll. 99 a, 117 a, 166 b, 188 b, 250 b, 281 a, and 357 b

ܒܨܠܝܒܟ ܡܪܢ. ܘܒܨܠܘܬܗ̇ ܕܡ݊ܪܝܡ. ܐܡܐ ܕܝܠ̣ܕܬܟ. ܨܠܝܒܟ ܢܗܐ ܓܫܪܐ. ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܩܢ̣ܛܐ. ܠܝܫܘܥ ܚܲܛܝܐ. ܕܟܬ݂ܒ ܐܝܟ ܚ̇ܝ̣ܠܗ. ܐܡܝܢ܀

- Colophon

To a marginal addition on fol. 68 b are appended the words: "written by Rabban Athanasius (or #Theōnas?), the disciple of our blessed Father; may the Lord grant him forgiveness."

ܟܬ݂ܒ ܪܒܢ ܐܬܐܘܢܘܣ ܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܕܐܒܘܢ ܛ݁ܘܒܬܢܐ. ܡܪܝܐ ܢܚܲܣܐ ܠܗ

AG 1317 AD 1006

Manuscript description based on Wright's Catalogue . abbreviated by the Syriaca.org editors.

William Wright Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum Acquired since the Year 1838 London 1870 CCCXX 1:261-264